![]() Measurement of trajectories of the COP has been utilized in a wide range of clinical applications including assessment of postural stability in people after stroke 4, with diabetic neuropathy 5, or with Parkinson’s disease 6, assessment of treatment after hip osteoarthritis 7, or in prosthetic design 8. However, foot pressures, such as trajectories of the center of pressure (COP), or kinetics, such as ground reaction forces (GRF), are currently not possible to directly measure with these instruments, with the latter necessitating prediction using inverse dynamics-based methods (and additional equipment such as force/pressure plates) or the machine learning-based methods 3. These systems, however, are restricted to measuring kinematic or spatio-temporal movement parameters. To remedy this situation, there has been a rise in research developing in-expensive and easy-to-use wearable technologies, such as inertial measurement units (IMUs) 1, 2. ![]() However, due to the pricey, cumbersome, and highly specialised equipment needed for these purposes, research investigations using movement analysis are typically restricted to academic research centres and small sample numbers. Human movement analysis has a wide range of clinical applications. Although the insoles do not produce identical results to the force plate, the qualitative similarity and consistency between the two systems confirm the insoles can be used to measure these outcomes, based on the purpose and accuracy required. In conclusion, the insoles provide reliable measures of vGRFs and trajectories of the COP during multiple functional activities in healthy adults. Test–retest reliability of the insoles was fair to high or excellent for all outcomes during all activities. The insoles consistently measured shorter trajectories of the COP in the medial–lateral direction (except jumps) and lower vGRFs than the force plates. Trajectories of the COP in the anterior–posterior direction were comparable between the two systems during all activities. Test–retest reliability was assessed by the interclass correlation coefficient and the standard error of measurement for the outcomes during squats, jumps, walking, and stair ambulation. The Bland–Altman analysis was used to compare the outcomes measured with the two instruments during squats, jumps, and the sit-to-stand test. In this observational study, healthy adults underwent two data collection sessions during one day. Here, we compare novel wireless pressure insoles with force plates and examine the test–retest reliability of the insoles for measuring vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs) and trajectories of the center of pressure (COP). Wireless pressure insoles may enable the assessment of movement biomechanics in a real-world setting, and thus play an important role in the recommendation of clinical management, but they are not yet a gold standard due to the unknown accuracy and reliability with respect to different functional activities.
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